Knee Arthroplasty Surgical Process †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Knee Arthroplasty Surgical Process. Answer: Introduction: Total knee replacement or total knee arthroplasty is a surgical process which mainly concerns around the replacement of the knee joints with artificial parts called the prostheses. In normal cases, a knee usually functions as a hinge joint between the upper leg bone which is called the femur and the lower leg bone called the tibia and fibula (Moulton, Evans, Starks Smith, 2017). In course of time, the surface where the two bones meet may get worn out over time. This may be due to arthritis as well as other conditions which result in excessive swelling. It also causes tremendous pain. The main reason for which patients usually opt for knee replacements are to relive from pain and to restore the function performed by a proper knee (White, Joshi, Murray-Weir, Alexiades Ranawat, 2017). Another reason behind the surgery is that when other treatments like weight loss, exercise or physical education, injections and medication therapy fail to provide the patients with relief from the arthr itis associated pain. Recently, researchers are of the opinion that health education to such patients before surgery helps to reduce many complications (Caplan Kader, 2014). The assignment will mainly focus on the discussion of the benefits of the education and how the patients of the case study may be benefitted from such education. Literature articles have defined preoperative education as a process of educational intervention which is provided to the patient before surgery. The main motive of this form of education is the improvement of the peoples knowledge as well as health behaviors and different health outcomes(Ibrahim, Khan, Nizam, 2013). Many researchers over the years have found great benefits with the help of the different resources used in the preoperative studies for these patients. These include written brochures, audiovisual interactions as well as combination of these methods to educate the patients about the procedure. It has been found that educators found this method a very vital one. This is because it helps the patients to learn about the procedure and also help them to clarify if they have any sort of questions. Often researchers have seen that a patients willingness to proceed with the surgery is usually influenced by the consideration about how completely the patients questions have been answered. Most of the randomized trials conducted by researchers have provided results which have shown that the education contributes to observed improvement and outcomes. Often through the different articles, it has been seen that the content of the preoperative education often varies from patients to patients as well as from medical professionals to others. However a typical form of education mainly contains information which remains related to that of the different pre-surgical procedures (Jones, 2017). They also contain information about the actual steps in surgical procedures and also about different discharge disposition. Most essential part which also remains included in the education procedure is the proper post-operative care. All these also give knowledge to the patient about potential complications that may arise from surgical as well as non surgical processes. They also have information that provide relevant answers to the different frequently asked questions of the pa tients as well as the post operative pain management details. It also important contact numbers and emails that the patients can find of help if he or she is in emergency (Biau, Porcher, Babinet, Rosencher, Chevret, 2015). There has been debate between researchers about the affectivity of the intervention of postoperative education. Although many do not align with the concept, however a larger number of researchers are positive about this interventions affectivity. The trials have shown positive results in the patients health outcomes where the intervention had shown to decrease pre as well as post operative anxiety. It also helped in reduction of the decreased post operative pain. The patients were found to be able to cope with the situation in a much better way and also helped in the improvement of the length of stay in the hospitals. It also reduced the frequencies of decrease in the number of readmissions and also helped in improvement of home damage A very interesting finding has been observed from the work of many researchers. They have stated that patients who undergo joint surgery often have high expectations from the surgery (Alattas et al., 2016). In many cases, these expectations are even found to be much higher than the expectation of the surgeons and the doctors. A very strong correlation has been noted by many researchers between the patient satisfaction and the fulfillment of their expectation in pain relief as well as in functional outcome. It has been shown by researchers that there is evidence which shows 20% of all the total knee arthroplasty patients are not at all satisfied with the outcome and this predictor was not at all meeting g the expectations (Livbjerg, Froekjaer, Simonsen, 2013). It is found after trials that preoperative education help in improving the patients expectation and help them to understand how such pain relief they can expect after the surgery. These help to overcome many issues that arise f rom patients higher expectations. This also help the patients to understand what they can expect from the surgery as the nurse gives a proper review about her after effects. With this intervention, nurses can prepare the patient psychologically for the aims of rehabilitation by providing them with clear explanations and expectations of the recovery procedures (Conditt, Gustke, Coon, Kreuzer, Branch, 2016). This providing information to the patients also helps the nurse to increase their sense of successful surgery and also help them to develop the believed that they will be able to successfully cope with the surgeries. After the topic of expectations of patients, the next topic that is important to discuss is the anxiety of the patients who go for his kind of surgery. A positive correlation has been found between the increase of preoperative anxiety levels as well as pain after total knee replacements. This intervention has been found to be successful in decreasing the preoperative anxiety of patients which in turn helps in the improvement of the post operative recovery. Therefore, this leads to higher levels of satisfaction of patients after surgical procedure is over and they also report less self reported pain. A particular study has shown that patients who are of different racial, ethnic and gender have different levels of anxiety development before surgery (Cooke, Walker, Aitken, Freeman, Pavey, 2016). African Americans are seen to have greater fear before and also after joint replacement than the whites because they are found to have less knowledge about the surgical procedures. Women are mo re anxious than man counterparts. Therefore preoperative education classes help in providing more opportunities in distributing the additional educational information which help in reducing fear and anxiety among patients. The association of the preoperative symptoms with that of the length of stay was also found. The previous two mentioned factors like expectations and anxiety are also associated with length of stay at the hospitals. The preoperative education programs help the nurse to give patients advanced notification of different topics mobilization within the 24 hour of surgery or finalization of the discharge day like the release after the fourth day following surgery and so (McDonald, Page, Beringer, Wasiak, Sprowson, 2014). This kind of confirmation within the education programs help patients to prepare themselves for the rehabilitation aims and provides them with clear knowledge about recovery procedures. Moreover a nurse who conducts the process successfully can influence early recovery period. This is because their actions could influence the early recovery period and also at the same time increase the patients motivation to adhere to the preoperative advices (Khan, Carluke, Partington, Emmerson, 2014). This increases their sense of responsibility for the success of the surgical procedures and also helps in strengthening the belief that they will successfully cope with the operation. All these contribute to reduce LOS in hospitals. Another important aspect that also tends to develop a positive outcome for the patients is the participations of the patients social circle in the education program organized by the healthcare in the preoperative phase of the surgery. Researchers have already stated in many papers that a patient who remains socially connected and experiences positive incidences within the society (van der Sluis, Akkermans, Bimmel, 2017). The patients social support remains associated with mortality, stress, mental health and also depression. The hospital nurses can easily develop an understanding of the levels of patients social support by keeping an eye on the visitors to his ward. Involvement of the family members and friends in the education before the surgery, and also after the surgery helps the members as well as the patients to feel social connectedness. It also helps to foster participants independence. Many researchers are of the opinion that a family member or a friend should attend the pr eoperative classes of the patients so that not only the patient but also the social circle can provide support and confidence to the patient and makes the patient feel relieved to be among close family members (Jordan, Smith, Chahal, Casson, Reed, 2014). Patients who have strong social support have shorter hospital stays and also are discharged to home early and are more likely to meet ambulation as well as transfer out of bed targets. They have also higher hospital quality of care and are more confident and ready to leave for home. In this way, education classes that are held preoperatively allow healthcare professionals for identification and instilling education in the crucial members of the patients social circles who will help to empower the patient and his family members as well. And therefore they would help each other to be each others support during adverse times. Health literacy is one of the most important indicator for the patients health as this helps the patients to develop an understanding of the upcoming surgery. It is considered to be the most important predictor of individuals health status. It is found that only a few portions of patients who get admitted for knee arthroplasty have knowledge or understanding about what is going to happen with them and the main rationale of the surgery. Patients who do not have proper health literacy are often found to have decreased medical knowledge and poor health related outcomes. Low health literacy also results in lower treatment satisfaction and also increased hospitalizations as well as worse communication with the healthcare providers (Goh Chua, 2015). Therefore, health literacy is very important for the patient to be able to understand what is happening with him and the reason behind the main objective. A good procedure to develop optimal comprehension and compliance of the patient with the entire procedure of the hip arthoplasty surgery is to develop patient education materials which would be written in the levels of the sixth grade or lower reading level which would also include pictures and also illustrations. It is seen mainly that the brochures and the reading materials which are provided to students are above the readability level of class eight in most cases and often have the excessive use of jargons and medical terms with a language which is not easily understandable by the patients. Therefore, it is often stated that providing of education materials which are at the literacy levels of the patients help to improve the understanding of the surgery, minimize anxiety and also help to improve outcomes that are clinically significant (Dave, Selzer, Losina, Usiskin, Collins, Lee, 2017). It is very important to provide the education in plain language which will help to improve the health literacy of the patients. The nurses, in order to provide a better understandi ng to the patients must make sure that the organizing of the information should be done in the form of the order of importance along with the use of the active voice, shortening of the sentences, using of the simpler terms, avoiding medical jargons and also adding descriptive pictures. Moreover the nurses can also use Youtube videos tailored to class 6 grade level which will in turn improve communication an also reduce pre-operative anxiety. Thereby focusing on the readability improvement of the preoperative education print material will help in the ultimate improvement of the health literacy of the patients who are undergoing the surgery and will help to understand the different procedures though which they will be going through the surgery. This reduces shock and anxiety of the patients. The standard principles of fluid balance in the post operative patients are the correction of the pre existing deficits of replacement of unusual losses from surgical drains as well as pyrexia and also to use oral route wherever possible. Patients who are usually of higher age cohort are susceptible for disturbances in their fluid or electrolyte balance and therefore they are more prone to hypovolemic shock (Neely, Berta, Ralley, Lanting, Vasarhelyi, McAuley, 2016). Hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnoea, oliguria, confusion and many other symptoms may be visible and in such cases hemorrhage should be considered. Therefore, it is quite a risky situation. The nurses who would be taking education classes should make the patient aware of the causes of the shock and also provide her with the cues that will help the patient to identify the cues and accordingly inform nurses so that they can take quick actions (Riemer, MacIntyre, Nortje, Dower, Grobler, 2017). This would prevent the patien t form long hospital stays and also form harmful adverse events. It also helps the patient to know how to care for the sites in home so that they can do proper dressing without the chances of infection. The patient of the case study should also undertake preoperative education from the healthcare centers so that she can develop knowledge about the entire procedure. This knowledge would help her to reduce her anxiety level and also would help her to cope with the situation. She would have the right expectation form the surgery and therefore post-operation dissatisfaction chances would be less (Alattas, Smith, Bhatti, Wilson-Nunn, 2016). Moreover, she would know how to tackle her surgical site and therefore she would have fewer chances for hospital readmissions. She would also have no longer stays at hospitals which will also prevent her from developing excess stress. The patients would also be free from any sort of free and anxiety before the surgery because she would have the right amount of knowledge about what is to be done and the entire procedure for it as well (Cox, Cormack, Prendergast, Celestino, Willis, 2016). Therefore a proper preoperative education would help the patien t from overcoming many adverse events which might have taken place if education was not provided to Evelyn beforehand. From the entire discussion, it is seen that patients who undergo pre-operative education before knee arthroplasty often have more benefits than those who are not provided with education. The first benefit is the reduction of anxiety and fear that remain associated with the name of surgery to nay individuals. The patients remain well aware about what is going to happen with them and therefore they become physiologically ready to take on the operation. Moreover, it also helps the patients to develop the right kind of expression of the reduction of pain after surgery and therefore fewer complaints take place in the organizational center about patient dissatisfaction. Moreover, the education will provide the patient with knowledge which will automatically result in lesser stays at hospitals. Education provide to the social circle around him also help them in proper engagement of all stakeholders which have a high benefit of the patients health. It will also help to reduce the chances of hypovolemic shock and even if it appears, the patients will be rightly knowledgeable to inform it to healthcare professionals. They will also be able to handle the surgical site with right kind of expertise and hence chances of infection will also lessen. Therefore, healthcare organizations should introduce preoperative education for patients to cope with the preoperative and postoperative situations effectively and hence lead a better quality life. 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Pre?operative self?efficacy education vs. usual care for patients undergoing joint replacement surgery: a pilot randomised controlled trial.. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences , 74-82. Cox, J., Cormack, C., Prendergast, M., Celestino, H., Willis, S. . (2016). Patient and provider experience with a new model of care for primary hip and knee arthroplasties. International journal of orthopaedic and trauma nursing, , 13-17. Dave, A. J., Selzer, F., Losina, E., Usiskin, I., Collins, J. E., Lee, Y. C. (2017). The association of pre-operative body pain diagram scores with pain outcomes following total knee arthroplasty. Osteoarthritis and cartilage , 667-675. Goh, M. L., Chua, J. Y. (2015). otal knee replacement pre-operative education in a Singapore tertiary hospital: A best practice implementation project.. International journal of orthopaedic and trauma nursing , 3-14. Ibrahim, M. S., Khan, M. A., Nizam, I. . (2013). Peri-operative interventions producing better functional outcomes and enhanced recovery following total hip and knee arthroplasty: an evidence-based review. BMC medicine , 37. Jones, C. A.-A. (2017). Patient Expectations and Total Knee ArthroplastyPatient Expectations and Total Knee Arthroplasty.. JCOM,, , 8. Jordan, R. W., Smith, N. A., Chahal, G. S., Casson, C., Reed, M. R. (2014). Enhanced education and physiotherapy before knee replacement; is it worth it? A systematic review.. Physiotherapy , 305-312. Khan, S. K., Carluke, I., Partington, P. F., Emmerson, K. P. (2014). Reduced short-term complications and mortality following Enhanced Recovery primary hip and knee arthroplasty: results from 6,000 consecutive procedures. Acta orthopaedica , 26-31. Livbjerg, A. E., Froekjaer, S., Simonsen, O. . (2013). Pre-operative patient education is associated with decreased risk of arthrofibrosis after total knee arthroplasty: a case control study. The Journal of arthroplasty , 1282-1285. McDonald, S., Page, M. J., Beringer, K., Wasiak, J., Sprowson, A. (2014). Preoperative education for hip or knee replacement. The Cochrane Library. , 52. Moulton, L. S., Evans, P. A., Starks, I., Smith, T. (n.d.). Pre-operative education prior to elective hip arthroplasty surgery improves postoperative outcome. International orthopaedics , 1483-1486. Neely, S., Berta, D., Ralley, F., Lanting, B., Vasarhelyi, E., McAuley, J. .. (2016). Is There A Role For Pre-Operative Iron Supplementation In Patients Preparing For A Total Knee Or Total Hip Arthroplasty? Bone Joint J, , 58. Riemer, B., MacIntyre, K., Nortje, M., Dower, B., Grobler, G. . (2017). Rapid mobilisation following total hip and knee arthroplasty. SA Orthopaedic Journal , 58-61. van der Sluis, G. G.-v., Akkermans, R. P., Bimmel, R. . (2017). 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